Disprution of Politics in 19th Century

Disprution of Politics in 19th Century Free Online Research Papers The stage for the disruption of politics in the 19th century was set at the end of the 18th. The ideas of such people as Jean-Jacques Rousseau had been introduced to the world. Rousseau introduced the idea of government based on the will of the people (page 668 Stearns). Political turmoil and unrest had begun in the 18th century with countries like the U.S. revolting against England, or France against the monarchy showing other nations they too could revolt against oppressive governments. These revolts were grounded in the believes of men like Rousseau and not revolutions so much as wars for independence (669 Stearns). Many political upheavals occurred during this time. Revolutions broke out in both Spain, and Greece in the throughout the century many revolutions broke out in Europe including 1830, 1848, and 1848-1849. The causes of this were many. One of the causes was the Napoleonic era. Many countries who had been given the Napoleonic code did not want to go back to earlier systems where they had less equality, less social mobility, and they enjoyed the weakening of privileged institutions (672 Stearns). Another important factor in the political unrest was the economic changes taking place. The industrialization lead to a growing working class, this working class demanded changes. Some changes that took place were the reform bill of 1832 in England. However the reforms were minimal and lead to even more unrest (673 Stearns). This unrest among those who felt threatened at the possible loss of there jobs such as artisans and other skilled labor lead to the Chartist movement. Industrialization changed how people lived. Some countries based the 50% mark in urbanization. The growths of the cities led to new problems such as sanitation, crime, and housing. Government needed to address these concerns. This caused government to change out of necessity instead of force. Industrialization also led to the spread of ideas. Information, people, and ideas could spread faster then ever before. Trains, and canals lead to the growth of ideas. After 1850 most countries out of fear of future turmoil began to reduce the need for revolution. By this time many of the liberals had seen the horrors of such revolution and began to compromise (676 Stearns). Many factors were involved in the political disruptions of the 18th century. No one factor is the cause. The political changes that took place during this time lead to improvement in everyday life. The main organization of the Latin American colonies was based primarily on the encomienda. The encomenderas were a newer form of the old Spanish feudalism. Along with a grant of tracts of land one also received the people on the land as either workers or they could choose to tax them (554 Stearns). The encomienda was a way in which the conquistadors were able to transform themselves into a new aristocracy. A professional bureaucracy composed of judges, lawyers’ etc. ran things. The church also had strong ties to he government. The church also had a say in things in the colonies and would have a strong influence on both the bureaucracy and the indigenous population. By the 1530’s there was an increased royal control and the economy had become based on sugar plantations (556 Stearns) Early on the clergy abused the natives. The natives were also being killed off. Men such as Bartolome de Las Casas were able with the help pf the royal administrations stopped many of the abuses of the natives. The natives were treated as a conquered race. They were forced to work in mines. Managers of these mines had complete power and were often abusive. Some innovations were brought that helped the people. Christianity was introduced. Many kind of animals for food were brought over such as sheep, cattle, and chickens. Horses were also brought to the colonies. Other products were brought into the new land such as bread, wine, peas, and sugar. There were reforms introduced by the Bourbons. He cleaned up smuggling and tax evasion. Areas were open to colonization. He took away the missions control of the Indians. However his reforms were not completely successful. In fact in Columbia, and Peru his reforms caused riots. The system was also somewhat disorganized. For instance the silver mining caused inflation. Silver brought about many other problems as well. Irresponsible loans were made, and most of its wealth was from taxing itself. However the system for the most part was good from an organizational standpoint. The European Imperialistic nations first got a toehold in Africa because of the slave trade. The Portuguese established what they called factories. These factories were both fort, and trading post. The largest such factory was El Mina on the Guinea coast, which was established in 1482 (581 Stearns). These forts did not make it possible for the Portuguese to exercise too much control over the land (581 Stearns). However the Portuguese made arrangements with the local rulers to make these forts and the local rulers consented as it helped trade. There were attempts to Christianize the people as well. These attempts did in fact have some level of success. The ruler Nzinga Mvemba was converted and was able to make the entire kingdom Christian (582 Stearns). As the Portuguese began to get a foothold in the Africa they began to explore more of Africa. In 1570’s the settlement of Luanda was settled and was to become the base of the colony of Angola (582 Stearns). The 17th century saw the rest of the major powers of Europe begin to get involved in Africa. In some cases they were able to replace the Portuguese presence. They still used the same system of trading stations, alliances, force, and trade (582-3 Stearns). Soon companies were charted to get slaves. In the 1660’s the British charted The Royal African Company to get slaves. In the 1660’s the French also undertook similar actions but would not become a major player until the 18th century (585 Stearns). The Boers arrived on the Cape of Good Hope (593 Stearns). The Boers pushed the Hottentots north. The British would seize the Cape in 1795 but their acquisition of South Africa would not officially be recognized until 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars (593 Stearns). In 1834 the Boers would go even farther north after the absolution of slavery by the British. South Africa was on of the final pushes into Africa and the Boers would be one of the farthest European people to go into Africa. Research Papers on Disprution of Politics in 19th CenturyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Political ideologies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Political ideologies - Article Example Engel was the only user of this phrase, and not even once by Marx. He used it in a private epistle to Franz Mehring in 1893. In this letter he wanted to talk about how little or no effort was invested in thinking about the influence of the state of mind in determining social action. He and fellow philosophers had only thought of the reverse. False consciousness refers to the knowledge that a working class character should have but are yet to possess due to lack of consideration of how they should be paid, their working conditions, their rights and privileges (Lukacs 4). Simply it is the lack of knowledge of one’s own best interests. Self-sacrifice is a form of false consciousness. It is likened to working for free yet one is entitled to pay as well as privileges since one is cut out for that particular job. That one is needed by the owner of the mode of production but fails to see the fact that since they are needed, they should be getting a wage, not only as pay for the work but also privileges to ensure that they are ever available and to make their life as comfortable as possible in order for them to undertake their scheduled task as efficiently and as to the maximum profit achievable. Lukà ¡cs introduced this idea in the 1920s with a bid to comprehend ‘how come the working class is made of the less of social revolutionaries.’ ... mployer should ensure he has health insurance, or his pay may be too low compared to the amount of labor, and in case of errors because of being human, and not deliberate sabotage, his pay is safe from deductions. A paralegal who works in the archives is also entitled to the same health benefits as those of the legal superiors she works for. The dust id hazardous and the working hours are long for someone who is on their feet three quarters of the time. That due to the fact that they know the content and location of the files, they too are needed and their pay deserves to reflect that. 2. Specifically how has mechanical reproduction compromised our ability to think critically? (Walter Benjamin) Mechanical reproduction takes away the authenticity of art. It no longer becomes the property of the original artiste but becomes of the masses. They get to own the product even though they did not contribute to its composition, neither did they contribute to its creative works. Mechanical rep roduction also takes away the autonomy of the artwork itself. It seizes to be the only one of its kind and it becomes a mass production which anyone can have at their will. This reduces its exchange value and therefore the artwork becomes less of an attraction to own. The mechanical reproduction of a photograph of a human model or actor, for example, loses value as it is transferred from one person to another from the original photographer. The ideas of the original photographer are disseminated throughout and they become less interesting when seen too many times. If a certain company wants to use that picture and they happen to find it in circulation, they will want to use a picture that has never been seen by the public. In any case, they wanted to make an impression that was unique to

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Management - Essay Example The said structure may be considered as bureaucratic or post-bureaucratic depending upon the performance. Bureaucratic is considered when there is a value for merits, hierarchy and definite separation of responsibilities and roles. On the other hand, a post-bureaucratic organization may have the hierarchy but there is a sense of equality in voicing out opinions and ideas through dialogues. Post-bureaucratic also favors consensus which means the decision would depend upon the majority of votes or prevailing idea (DuBrin, 2012: 263). Despite of the â€Å"majority wins† mentality, hierarchy still exists in post-bureaucratic organizations. Kraft was sort of a centralized rigid organization way back before its acquisition of Cadbury. After one and a half year of acquiring Cadbury, the company decided to split the organization into two namely the snack food business and grocery business (Geller, 2011). In addition, it also made efforts to decentralize its structure by allowing more staffs to participate in decision-making and improving the company as a whole. The decision-making involving the product development and manufacturing would be the ones transferred to the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. In addition, the structure might look like a matrix because the information technology, human resources and logistics teams would be shared across the organization (Ferrari, 2010). Organizational structure is not the only concern in the paper as the ethical issues are also important in the productivity and performance of a company. It is already an accepted fact that making mistakes is inevitable but can be reduced by careful preparations, best practices and sound decisions. Each mistake can be detrimental to the overall state of the company so the rightness or wrongness of an action or practice is being looked at by the professionals and even by the public. After all, a business depends upon the profit that will be gained from

Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay In the business world, not everything will work perfect to our advantage, but one thing people in the business world should always make sure to do is to be smart when making decisions. The best way to be smart on making decisions is following their own ethics as leaders. To be successful, there should not exist dishonesty, greed, or arrogance because these three factors will bring any business to failure. However many times, leaders such as CEO’s and CFO’s are faced with difficult dilemmas that put them in question of their own ethics and values, such as the following case of the CFO of venture-backed tech startup, John and CEO Ralph. John and Ralph are faced with the dilemma of whether to commit fraud for the company’s ability to stay afloat, or have trouble with gaining sufficient funding in the second round, which could mean go bankrupt and that will be the end of the company. The problem leading to such a serious dilemma is that the company had been doing really well, but recently big customers have been placing fewer orders, giving Ralph the pressure to show growth because the company is ventured-backed and the investors expect results. Ralph feeling so pressured to show growth, talked to John about recording a major order that was still under negotiation as the current quarter is ending in the next few days; â€Å"including this order would give a significant boost to the company’s financial reports.† But doing so John knows they will be committing fraud for the survival of the company, as the paper states â€Å"the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires the CEO and CFO to sign off on all quarterl y reports.† This dilemma puts John in test of his ethical standards. John is accountable to perform ethical business practice and SHOULD NOT record the major order before the deal goes through. He should tell CEO Ralph that he cannot perform fraud because it is against his ethics and morals as well as jeopardizing his reputation, and the company’s reputation as well. Doing this act can save the company but it can also lose the company. John and Ralph are leaders of the company and should always follow Ethical behavior because doing so they are acting in a way that is good and mutually beneficial for themselves and society in all. Even though they are afraid to go bankrupts, it is better to be honest and by being honest they are also following the law. It’s an illegal case, and they should both think of the negative consequences it would bring them if they sign it. By going against the law, they will not only lose the company but also their own freedom ending up in jail, similar to the Enron case. The Enron case has influenced my answer because it should teach people in the business world what being unethical causes and why no one should commit fraud because the truth always comes out. I myself am not in favor of committing fraud, and from my morals, and life rules, I will never commit it even if it will make me a millionaire over night. Many people that commit fraud the first time and don’t get caught will keep performing it over and over again making it their habit, until one day they get caught just like the case in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street, specially when it involves a lot of money, and forgets the consequences they will be faced later when they get caught. They become irresponsible and forget the effect they are causing on others. Ralph is being so irresponsible and selfish by telling John to book the order. The Enron documentary should teach every viewer that if one is going to commit fraud, it should not affects others. Ralph should know better that if John was to lie in his finance records and perform Ralph’s actions, not only John but also the company, as a whole will suffer consequences similar to the ones faced by Enron and its executives. Just like the Enron case where the CEO and the CFO both go to jail and the corporation went bankrupt would be the result of John and Ralph’s action of fraud. Following the Enron case, if I were to structure a company to avoid situations such as the one described in the hypothetical and others that have been discussed in class would be to promote better corporate culture in the company by giving seminars, bring famous speakers that have been through  unethical situations and have learned from their mistakes, have organizational in the company from the top leaders to do the right thing and be great role models to all employees, and AVOID personal issues that will do wrong to the company. Biased board of directors and have a great Human Resources program. I would create a systemic where if things are going wrong find the ethical solution to fix it without breaking the law, be ready and prepare everyone else for any changes around the company, set up a program to check everyone’s movements because as we all know, preaching ethics and excluding unethical employees is not very effective action so by controlling everyone’s moveme nts will have me in control of everything that goes around the company making sure no one is committing fraud and also making it very clear to all employees that illegal actions are not tolerated ever in the company and will have serious consequences. And finally, the measures I would implement in a company to promote ethical conduct would be Check and Balance. Use two different accounting firms to make sure the company is getting the same records in both and that there’s not fraud committed. Also change the auditors every 3 to 4 years to make sure they won’t commit fraud on the long run. I would also have every employee address the 6 questions of my company when making decisions; 1. How would the decision make me feel about myself? 2. The Golden Rule. 3. What would others think of you? 4. Is the action illegal? 5. Who is affected? To what extend? How? 6. Could the decision become a habit forming? These questions are very important because the answers will give them the right decision to make and they should know better to not cause the company any illegal dilemmas. As the leader of the company I will also never give up on preaching ethics no matter if its effective or not because it will make it clear that honesty i s very important if you are working for me. I will also show cases like Enron, and have seminars to get my point across and teach my employees the right ethics to be successful.

Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Essay -- Educati

Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Differing from long narrative of simply text, comics have visual representation existing through the creative, yet simple messages. Through the visuals, comics expose the ethnic representations of shared collective perceptions, memories, and emotions. Maus I is a true account of the author’s father as a Holocaust survivor, Vladek Spiegelman, and his experiences as a young Jew in Aushwitz. Maus II is about Vladek Spiegelman recounting his own history to his son, Art, of his past relationships, friends, and tragic events he experienced and witnessed. As the reader delves into the relationship of the father and son, the reader begins to realize what the message his father tries to reach across and for his own knowledge only. People most often would think that the use of images would soften the realizations and accounts of events of Holocaust, but in reality the animated visuals greatly amplify the emotions and memories more. I n both Maus I and Maus II, the comic panels of drawn images of memories, which are much more horrifying and true to life, than the real photographs of that time in the Holocaust show that the visuals comprising the comic books have advantages in many aspects of ethnic representation. The use of animals in the comic amplifies the tragedy much more than using real life characters of humans. Maus recounts the history of Auschwitz through detailed drawings and mostly the same size comic panels with small sentences rather than a full novel. The use of images portrays a different emotion in the reader; the reader must do more close reading in order to compare and contrast the images to the text. Art Spiegelman uses animals instead of humans to make it more readab... ...force. To remove the symbol of swastika entirely or replace it with another symbol would completely disorient the reader. Therefore, Spiegelman uses the swastika to remind the reader that while the events may be unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative about the devastating events of the Holocaust. In understanding Maus, the reader must take into account the fact that all works of literature are affected by the social and cultural contexts of its author. Spiegelman proves the point that â€Å"a picture is worth a million words† with his visuals through ethnic representation, which speak louder than the text, and contributes greatly for reader to engage and do close reading. In Maus, the use of frame stories in comic panels helped to establish both the personal and the historical context of ethnic representation by providing educational awareness to younger readers. Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Essay -- Educati Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Differing from long narrative of simply text, comics have visual representation existing through the creative, yet simple messages. Through the visuals, comics expose the ethnic representations of shared collective perceptions, memories, and emotions. Maus I is a true account of the author’s father as a Holocaust survivor, Vladek Spiegelman, and his experiences as a young Jew in Aushwitz. Maus II is about Vladek Spiegelman recounting his own history to his son, Art, of his past relationships, friends, and tragic events he experienced and witnessed. As the reader delves into the relationship of the father and son, the reader begins to realize what the message his father tries to reach across and for his own knowledge only. People most often would think that the use of images would soften the realizations and accounts of events of Holocaust, but in reality the animated visuals greatly amplify the emotions and memories more. I n both Maus I and Maus II, the comic panels of drawn images of memories, which are much more horrifying and true to life, than the real photographs of that time in the Holocaust show that the visuals comprising the comic books have advantages in many aspects of ethnic representation. The use of animals in the comic amplifies the tragedy much more than using real life characters of humans. Maus recounts the history of Auschwitz through detailed drawings and mostly the same size comic panels with small sentences rather than a full novel. The use of images portrays a different emotion in the reader; the reader must do more close reading in order to compare and contrast the images to the text. Art Spiegelman uses animals instead of humans to make it more readab... ...force. To remove the symbol of swastika entirely or replace it with another symbol would completely disorient the reader. Therefore, Spiegelman uses the swastika to remind the reader that while the events may be unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative about the devastating events of the Holocaust. In understanding Maus, the reader must take into account the fact that all works of literature are affected by the social and cultural contexts of its author. Spiegelman proves the point that â€Å"a picture is worth a million words† with his visuals through ethnic representation, which speak louder than the text, and contributes greatly for reader to engage and do close reading. In Maus, the use of frame stories in comic panels helped to establish both the personal and the historical context of ethnic representation by providing educational awareness to younger readers.

The Diagnostic and Statistical

People have their own personal faith and belief. Our cultural and parental upbringing influence our life’s principles and beliefs. We may encounter differences with other people based on views and perception on things. And these differences among people comprise the earth’s diversity. There are people who are intolerant of other’s opinion and prejudice. They are also raged by other people belonging from a different race or ethnic background (â€Å"Bigot†). They may also feel outraged by other’s lifestyle and identities that are different from their own. Bigotry is the characteristic and attitude of a bigot.It is the corresponding mindset of people who are extremely judgmental other people. Bigot is a term used in describing people who are firmly devoted in their prejudices, especially when their views are threatened or challenged. It is used to refer to people who hold blindly and intolerantly of their personal creed, opinion and belief (Adamson 200 ). Bigot is often mistaken by people as prejudice. Most people are confused between the two words. Prejudice happens when we tend to easily judge someone or something based solely on our personal opinion or attitude. Prejudice is also a learned behavior.We are taught of what to think about people of different gender, race and disability. It is influenced by our parents and neighborhood. Bigotry is hate. It is a form of prejudice carried to an extreme manner (Martin 149). There are various kinds of bigotry such as religious, racial, political, national and cultural bigotry. Bigotry is most likely seen in aspects of religious and political field. Many people hold fanaticism in their religious and political views. Individuals and groups tend to be blindly deluded by the belief that their religion, race, political party, nation and culture are more superior than the others.Such beliefs made them blindly and intolerant of others (Adamson 200). Based on the canonical definition of psychop athology, it seems to apply on visceral bigotry. Bigotry is not considered as a sickness but it can be regarded as a dysfunction based on some influential definitions of psychopathology. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders define mental disorders based on distress, disability and increase in harmful effects. Alvin Poussaint, a Harvard psychiatrist, believes that bigotry fits the definition and advocates in putting it on the list.Bigotry may be a dysfunction in responding to large segments of humanity. It may constitute impairment in responding healthy and responsible ways toward the targeted groups because of irrational hatred and contempt and other negative attitudes (Martin 130). If a person professes negative remarks blaming single mothers on the impairments of the society, it may be a form of bigotry. This may be under sexism or the belief that one judged the other based on their sex or gender and not through their capability as an individual. They believe that one sex is superior than the other.This is evident in the workplace environment where performance and capabilities are judged based on sex rather than having better qualifications. Sexism may also happen at home, school and society or community (â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†). In the case of having blamed the single mothers for the social ills in the society implies many unverified perceptions toward our women, specifically our single mothers. Single mothers refer to women raising their children in the absence of the father or their husband. Being a single mother is never an easy task. They take on many difficulties in trying to raise their children while earning for a living.Single mothers do not have the aid of their husband either partially or totally. This may cause difficulty in their part. Bigots toward them may blame them for taking part on the national aid extended by the social welfare department. The government extends financial aid on poor families with unemployed h ead of the family. There are also shelters that welcome homeless individuals. Sexists may blame the single mothers for their incapability to find decent jobs and provide the needs of the children. They may also blame the single mothers if their children turned nuisance to society.The delinquency of the children is blamed on their mothers for their incapability to rear them appropriately to become good citizens of the society. If their children become problems of the society, mothers are on the line questioning their eligibility and capability as a mother. It does not question the single fathers trying to raise their children and earn a living at the same time assuming that single fathers can perform the two tasks flawlessly at the same time. This may be viewed as a bias for some women, who may do better than some single fathers.Some single fathers also may be involved in neglecting their children or other types of child maltreatment. It may be a form of bigotry for it generalized si ngle mothers as the culprit of social ills in the society. Being a sexist undermines the qualifications and abilities of people belonging on the other sex to take on a job or task. A sexist may view their sex as superior to others. They may view the other sex as inferior to them and not at their level. Viewing one sex as superior to other creates biases and prejudice toward the views on sex. Bigotry is involved when there is an extreme prejudice, hatred and contempt towards the other sex.Works Cited Adamson, Joseph J. What the World is Coming To?. Lincoln, NE: I Universe, Inc. , 2004. â€Å"Bigot†. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. 26 January 2009 . â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†. articleworld. org. 24 January 2006. 26 January 2009 . Martin, Mike W. From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2006. Martin, Renee J. Practicing What We Teach: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education. Albany, Ne w York: State University of New York, 1995.

Essay on The Ontological Argument - 1589 Words

The Ontological Argument The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. Ontological literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s Proslogion which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence of God but to moreover, to show the relationship between faith and reason. Anselm wanted to understand the object of the belief. He is also not trying to defend his belief against the atheist and neither is he trying to convince the atheist that God†¦show more content†¦(b) Examine the responses of various scholars to this argument Various philosophers did question Anselm’s argument in favour of the existence of God. One of these philosophers was Gaunilon, Anselm’s contemporary who argued against Anselm’s first form of his argument. Gaunilon said that Anselm’s sense and reasoning would bring about a ridiculous conclusion if it was applied to any other field other than the existence of God. He attempts to set up an argument which is parallel to Anselm’s ontological argument by using the example of a perfect island. Gaunilon using the idea of this perfect island came to the conclusion that for it to be a ‘perfect island, it must exist both in mind and reality. This conclusion is ridiculous. Therefore, Anselm argued back at Guanilon by saying that that the most perfect island is part of the contingent world so cannot endure the same reasoning as is used for the most perfect conceivable being. This indicates that Anselm is justifying why his principle does not apply to the perfect island example and he seems to be highlighting the importance of the idea of his second form of the argument which is that of necessary existence He is stressing the point that God is unique and that the reasoning of the ontological argument applies only to the most conceivable perfect being which has necessary existence. Descartes moderated the ontological argument and said that a supremely perfect beingShow MoreRelatedThe Ontological Argument By Anselm1524 Words   |  7 Pages I will begin my paper by discussing the two major versions of the ontological argument by Anselm presented in the proslogion. The first being â€Å"Possible and actual existence†, and the second being â€Å"Contingent or Necessary†. One should start off with the first summarized in the standard form as follows: #1 It is a conceptual truth that God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. #2 God exists as an idea in the mind. #3 A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, otherRead MoreExploring the Ontological Argument1746 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Ontological Argument For nearly a thousand years, the ontological argument has captured the attention of philosophers. The ontological argument was revolutionary in its sequence from thought to reality. It was an argument that did not require any corresponding experiment in reality; it functioned without the necessity of empirical data. Despite flaws and problems found in some ontological arguments and the objections raised to those arguments, ontological arguments still provide aRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. 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